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What did the members of the Bonus Army demand when they came to Washington DC in 1932?

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1930s U.s.a. veterans protest motion

Bonus Ground forces
Bonus marchers 05510 2004 001 a.gif

Bonus Army marchers (left) clash with the law.
Appointment July 28, 1932
Location

Washington D.C., United States
Caused by Impoverishment of WWI veterans from the Depression
Resulted in Demonstrators dispersed, demands rejected, Herbert Hoover loses 1932 presidential election
Parties to the civil conflict

Bonus Ground forces

United States U.Southward. Army
Pb figures
Walter W. Waters
  • Herbert Hoover
  • Douglas MacArthur
  • George S. Patton
Number

17,000 veterans
26,000 others
  • 500 infantry
  • 500 cavalry
  • 6 M1917 light tanks
  • 800 policemen
Casualties and losses

First mean solar day ii dead; 55 injured,[one] total unknown

At least 69 police injured

The Bonus Army was a grouping of 43,000 demonstrators – made upward of 17,000 veterans of the United states in World War I, together with their families and affiliated groups – who gathered in Washington, D.C. in mid-1932 to demand early cash redemption of their service bonus certificates. Organizers chosen the demonstrators the "Bonus Expeditionary Force" (B.E.F.), to echo the name of World War I's American Expeditionary Forces, while the media referred to them equally the "Bonus Army" or "Bonus Marchers". The demonstrators were led by Walter W. Waters, a former sergeant.

Many of the war veterans had been out of work since the get-go of the Great Depression. The World War Adjusted Compensation Act of 1924 had awarded them bonuses in the form of certificates they could not redeem until 1945. Each document, issued to a qualified veteran soldier, bore a face up value equal to the soldier's promised payment with compound interest. The master need of the Bonus Army was the immediate greenbacks payment of their certificates.

On July 28, 1932, U.S. Attorney Full general William D. Mitchell ordered the veterans removed from all authorities property. Washington police force met with resistance, shot at the protestors, and 2 veterans were wounded and later died. President Herbert Hoover then ordered the U.S. Regular army to clear the marchers' army camp. Army Chief of Staff General Douglas MacArthur commanded a contingent of infantry and cavalry, supported past six tanks. The Bonus Ground forces marchers with their wives and children were driven out, and their shelters and belongings burned.

A second, smaller Bonus March in 1933 at the beginning of the Roosevelt administration was defused in May with an offer of jobs with the Civilian Conservation Corps at Fort Hunt, Virginia, which most of the group accepted. Those who chose not to work for the CCC past the May 22 borderline were given transportation habitation.[2] In 1936, Congress overrode President Roosevelt's veto and paid the veterans their bonus nine years early on.

Origin of military machine bonuses [edit]

Members of the Bonus Ground forces camped out on the lawn of the U.Due south. Capitol building

The exercise of war-time armed forces bonuses began in 1776, as payment for the difference between what a soldier earned and what he could take earned had he not enlisted. The practice derived from English language legislation passed in the 1592–93 session of Parliament to provide medical care and maintenance for disabled veterans and bonuses for serving soldiers.

In Baronial 1776, Congress adopted the get-go national pension law providing half pay for life for disabled veterans. Considerable pressure was applied to expand benefits to match the British organization for serving soldiers and sailors simply had trivial support from the colonial government until mass desertions at Valley Forge that threatened the existence of the Continental Regular army led George Washington to become a strong abet.

In 1781, most of the Continental Regular army was demobilized. 2 years afterward, hundreds of Pennsylvania war veterans marched on Philadelphia, then the nation's capital, surrounded the Country House, where the U.Southward. Congress was in session, and demanded back pay. Congress fled to Princeton, New Jersey, and several weeks later on, the U.South. Regular army expelled the war veterans from Philadelphia.[ citation needed ] Congress progressively passed legislation from 1788 covering pensions and bonuses, eventually extending eligibility to widows in 1836.[3]

Before World State of war I, the soldiers' armed services service bonus (adjusted for rank) was land and coin; a Continental Regular army individual received 100 acres (twoscore ha) and $80.00 (2017: $ane,968.51) at war's end, while a major full general received ane,100 acres (450 ha). In 1855, Congress increased the land-grant minimum to 160 acres (65 ha), and reduced the eligibility requirements to fourteen days of military machine service or one boxing; moreover, the bonus also practical to veterans of any Indian war. The provision of state somewhen became a major political result, peculiarly in Tennessee where about 40% of arable country had been given to veterans as part of their bonus. Past 1860, 73,500,000 acres (29,700,000 ha) had been issued and lack of available arable state led to the program's abandonment and replacement with a cash-merely system.[ commendation needed ] Breaking with tradition, the veterans of the Castilian–American State of war did non receive a bonus and after World War I, that became a political matter when they received but a $60 bonus.[four] The American Legion, created in 1919, led a political move for an additional bonus.[5]

On May 15, 1924, President Calvin Coolidge vetoed a beak granting bonuses to veterans of World War I, proverb: "patriotism... bought and paid for is non patriotism." Congress overrode his veto a few days later,[5] enacting the Globe War Adapted Compensation Act. Each veteran was to receive a dollar for each solar day of domestic service, upward to a maximum of $500 (equivalent to $7,600 in 2020), and $one.25 for each 24-hour interval of overseas service, up to a maximum of $625 (equivalent to $nine,400 in 2020).[6] Deducted from this was $threescore, for the $60 they received upon discharge. Amounts of $50 or less were immediately paid. All other amounts were issued as Certificates of Service maturing in 20 years.[7]

There were iii,662,374 Adapted Service Certificates issued, with a combined face up value of $3.64 billion (equivalent to $55 billion in 2020).[8] Congress established a trust fund to receive xx almanac payments of $112 million that, with interest, would finance the 1945 disbursement of the $3.638 billion for the veterans. Meanwhile, veterans could infringe upward to 22.5% of the certificate's face up value from the fund; but in 1931, because of the Great Depression, Congress increased the maximum value of such loans to fifty% of the certificate's confront value.[9] Although there was congressional back up for the immediate redemption of the military service certificates, Hoover and Republican congressmen opposed such activeness and reasoned that the regime would have to increment taxes to cover the costs of the payout and then any potential economic recovery would exist slowed.[ten]

The Veterans of Strange Wars continued to press the federal government to let the early redemption of war machine service certificates.[11]

The start march of the unemployed was Coxey'due south Ground forces in 1894, when armies of men from various regions streamed to Washington as a "living petition" to demand that the federal government create jobs past investing in public infrastructure projects.[12] In January 1932, a march of 25,000 unemployed Pennsylvanians, dubbed "Cox'south Army", had marched on Washington, D.C., the largest demonstration to date in the nation'due south capital, setting a precedent for future marches past the unemployed.[ commendation needed ]

Army camp [edit]

Most of the Bonus Army (Bonus Expeditionary Force or BEF) camped in a form of "Hooverville" on the Anacostia Flats (at present Section C of Anacostia Park), a swampy, muddy surface area away from the federal core of Washington. Approximately 10,000 veterans, women and children lived in the shelters that they built from materials dragged out of a junk pile nearby, which included onetime lumber, packing boxes, and flake tin covered with roofs of thatched harbinger.[xiii] Other veterans lived much closer, in partially demolished buildings on Pennsylvania Artery near the Third Street SW.[14] [15] The camps were tightly controlled by the veterans, who laid out streets, built sanitation facilities, and held daily parades. To live in the camps, veterans were required to register and to prove they had been honorably discharged.[ citation needed ] The Superintendent of the D.C. Police force, Pelham D. Glassford, worked with military camp leaders to supply the campsite with food, among other things.

On June 15, 1932, the United states House of Representatives passed the Wright Patman Bonus Pecker (by a vote of 211–176) to move forward the engagement for Earth State of war I veterans to receive their cash bonus.[16] Over 6,000 bonus marchers massed at the U.S. Capitol on June 17 as the U.South. Senate voted on the Bonus Bill. The bill was defeated past a vote of 62–18.[17]

Police shooting [edit]

We want the bonus t.tif

On July 28, under prodding from the Herbert Hoover, the D.C. Commissioners ordered Pelham D. Glassford to clear their buildings, rather than letting the protesters drift away as he had previously recommended. When the veterans rioted, an officer (George Shinault) drew his revolver and shot at the veterans, two of whom, William Hushka and Eric Carlson, died later.[18] [1]

  • William Hushka (1895–1932) was an immigrant to the Usa from Republic of lithuania. When the US entered World State of war I in 1917, he sold his butcher shop in St. Louis, and joined the army. Later the state of war, he lived in Chicago.[1] He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery a week afterwards existence shot and killed by police.[19] [20]
  • Eric Carlson (1894–1932) was a veteran from Oakland, California who fought in the trenches of France in Globe State of war I.[one] [21] [22] He was interred in Arlington National Cemetery.[23]

During a previous anarchism, the Commissioners asked the White House for federal troops. Hoover passed the request to Secretarial assistant of War Hurley, who told MacArthur to take activeness to disperse the protesters. Towards the late afternoon, cavalry, infantry, tanks and automobile guns pushed the "Bonusers" out of Washington.[24]

Reports on communist elements [edit]

An Army intelligence study claimed that the BEF intended to occupy the Capitol permanently and instigate fighting, as a signal for communist uprisings in all major cities. It also conjectured that at to the lowest degree office of the Marine Corps garrison in Washington would side with the revolutionaries, hence Marine units eight blocks from the Capitol were never called upon. The report of July five, 1932 past Conrad H. Lanza in upstate New York was not declassified until 1991.[25]

The Department of Justice released an investigative report on the Bonus Army in September 1932, noting that communists had attempted to involve themselves with the Bonus Army from the showtime, and had been arrested for various offenses during protests:

As soon as the bonus march was initiated, and as early equally May, 1932, the Communist party undertook an organized campaign to foment the move, and induced radicals to join the marchers to Washington. As early on as the edition of May 31, 1932, the Daily Worker, a publication which is the fundamental organ of the Communist party in the United states of america, urged worker veteran delegations to go to Washington on June 8th.[26]

In 1932, Hoover stated that the bulk of Bonus Army members behaved reasonably and a minority of what he described every bit communists and career criminals were responsible for most of the unrest associated with the events: "I wish to state emphatically that the extraordinary proportion of criminal, Communist, and nonveteran elements amongst the marchers as shown by this study, should not exist taken to reverberate upon the many thousands of honest, law-constant men who came to Washington with total correct of presentation of their views to the Congress. This ameliorate element and their leaders acted at all times to restrain criminal offence and violence, but after the banishment of Congress a large portion of them returned to their homes and gradually these better elements lost command."[26] In his 1952 memoir, Hoover stated that at least 900 of the Bonus Ground forces were "ex-convicts and Communists."[27]

In his memoir The Whole of Their Lives (1948) Larry Gitlow of the Communist Political party USA reported that a number of communists had joined the Bonus Army during their trek across the nation, with the goal of recruiting people to the communist crusade.[28]

The Encyclopedia Britannica web log noted in 2009 how these would-be communist organizers were largely rejected past the Bonus Army marchers: "[T]here were communists nowadays in the camps, led by John T. Stride from Michigan. But if Stride believed that Bonus Army was a ready-fabricated revolutionary core, he was mistaken. The marchers routinely expelled avowed communists from the camps. They destroyed communist leaflets and other literature. And among their other slogans the veterans adopted a motto directed at the communists, 'Optics forepart—not left!'"[29]

Army intervention [edit]

At 1:40 pm MacArthur ordered General Perry Miles to assemble troops on the Ellipse immediately due south of the White House. Within the hour the tertiary Cavalry led past Patton, then a Major, crossed the Memorial Bridge, with the 12th Infantry arriving by steamer most an hr later. At 4 pm, Miles told MacArthur that the troops were ready, and MacArthur (like Eisenhower, by now in service compatible) said that Hoover wanted him to "be on hand as things progressed, so that he could consequence necessary instructions on the ground" and "take the rap if there should be any unfavorable or disquisitional repercussions."[30]

At iv:45 pm. commanded by General Douglas MacArthur, the 12th Infantry Regiment, Fort Howard, Maryland, and the 3rd Cavalry Regiment, supported by five M1917 calorie-free tanks allowable by Maj. George Southward. Patton, formed in Pennsylvania Avenue while thousands of ceremonious service employees left piece of work to line the street and watch. The Bonus Marchers, assertive the troops were marching in their honor, cheered the troops until Patton ordered[ citation needed ] the cavalry to accuse them, which prompted the spectators to yell, "Shame! Shame!"[ citation needed ]

Shacks that members of the Bonus Army erected on the Anacostia Flats called-for after attack by the regular army.

After the cavalry charged, the infantry, with fixed bayonets and tear gas (adamsite, an arsenical vomiting amanuensis) entered the camps, evicting veterans, families, and campsite followers. The veterans fled across the Anacostia River to their largest camp, and Hoover ordered the set on stopped. MacArthur chose to ignore the president and ordered a new assault, challenge that the Bonus March was an endeavour to overthrow the Usa government. 55 veterans were injured and 135 arrested.[i] A veteran'due south wife miscarried. When 12-week-erstwhile Bernard Myers died in the hospital later on being defenseless in the tear gas attack, a government investigation reported he died of enteritis, and a infirmary spokesman said the tear gas "didn't do it whatever expert."[31]

During the armed forces operation, Major Dwight D. Eisenhower, later the 34th president of the The states, served as one of MacArthur'southward junior aides.[32] Believing it incorrect for the Army's highest-ranking officer to atomic number 82 an action against young man American war veterans, he strongly brash MacArthur against taking whatever public role: "I told that dumb son-of-a-bitch not to go down there," he said later. "I told him information technology was no identify for the Chief of Staff."[33] Despite his misgivings, Eisenhower wrote the Army's official incident report that endorsed MacArthur'due south conduct.[34]

Although the troops were fix, Hoover twice sent instructions to MacArthur not to cross the Anacostia span that night, both of which were received. Shortly after ix pm, MacArthur ordered Miles to cantankerous the bridge and evict the Bonus Ground forces from its encampment in Anacostia.[35] This refusal to follow orders was claimed past MacArthur'due south assistant chief of staff George Van Horn Moseley. Still, MacArthur'south aide Dwight Eisenhower, Banana Secretary of State of war for Air F. Trubee Davison, and Brigadier General Perry Miles, who commanded the basis forces, all disputed Moseley's claim. They said the ii orders were never delivered to MacArthur and they blamed Moseley for refusing to deliver the orders to MacArthur for unknown reasons.[36] [37] The shacks in the Anacostia Military camp were and then assail fire, although who set them on fire is somewhat unclear.

Aftermath [edit]

Joe Angelo, a decorated hero from the state of war who had saved Patton'due south life during the Meuse-Argonne offensive on September 26, 1918, approached him the twenty-four hour period afterward to sway him. Patton, however, dismissed him apace. This episode was said to correspond the proverbial essence of the Bonus Regular army, each man the confront of each side: Angelo the dejected loyal soldier; Patton the unmoved government official unconcerned with past loyalties.[38]

Though the Bonus Regular army incident did not derail the careers of the military officers involved, it proved politically disastrous for Hoover, and information technology is considered a contributing factor to his losing the 1932 election in a landslide to Franklin D. Roosevelt.[39]

Police Superintendent Glassford was not pleased with the decision to have the Army arbitrate, believing that the police could have handled the situation. He soon resigned equally superintendent.

MGM released the movie Gabriel Over the White Firm in March 1933, the calendar month Roosevelt was sworn in as president. Produced by William Randolph Hearst'due south Cosmopolitan Pictures, it depicted a fictitious President Hammond who, in the film'south opening scenes, refuses to deploy the military against a march of the unemployed and instead creates an "Army of Structure" to work on public works projects until the economic system recovers.[40] First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt judged the movie's treatment of veterans superior to Hoover's.[41]

During the presidential campaign of 1932, Roosevelt had opposed the veterans' bonus demands.[42] A 2nd bonus march planned for the following twelvemonth in May by the "National Liaison Committee of Washington," disavowed by the previous year'southward bonus ground forces leadership, demanded that the Federal regime provide marchers housing and nutrient during their stay in the capital.[43] Despite his opposition to the marchers' demand for immediate payment of the bonus, Roosevelt greeted them quite differently than Hoover had washed. The administration fix upward a special camp for the marchers at Fort Hunt, Virginia, providing forty field kitchens serving three meals a twenty-four hour period, charabanc transportation to and from the uppercase, and entertainment in the course of military bands.[44]

Administration officials, led by presidential confidant Louis Howe, tried to negotiate an cease to the protest. Roosevelt arranged for his married woman, Eleanor, to visit the site unaccompanied. She lunched with the veterans and listened to them perform songs. She reminisced most her memories of seeing troops off to World War I and welcoming them habitation. The most that she could offer was a promise of positions in the newly created Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).[41] One veteran commented, "Hoover sent the ground forces, Roosevelt sent his wife."[45] In a press conference post-obit her visit, the First Lady described her reception as courteous and praised the marchers, highlighting how comfortable she felt despite critics of the marchers who described them as communists and criminals.[41]

On May 11, 1933,[46] Roosevelt issued an executive gild assuasive the enrollment of 25,000 veterans in the CCC, exempting them from the normal requirement that applicants exist unmarried and under the historic period of 25.[47] Congress, with Democrats holding majorities in both houses, passed the Adjusted Compensation Payment Act in 1936, authorizing the immediate payment of the $2 billion in World War I bonuses, and then overrode Roosevelt's veto of the mensurate.[48] The Firm vote was 324 to 61,[49] and the Senate vote was 76 to 19.[50]

In literature [edit]

The shootings are depicted in Barbara Kingsolver'south novel The Lacuna.[51]

Run across likewise [edit]

  • Coxey'due south Ground forces
  • Fry's Army
  • List of rallies and protest marches in Washington, D.C.
  • List of incidents of political violence in Washington, D.C.
  • On-to-Ottawa Trek by Canadian veterans, 1935

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d eastward "Heroes: Battle of Washington". Time. August eight, 1932. Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. Retrieved August 30, 2011. Last week William Hushka's Bonus for $528 of a sudden became payable in full when a police bullet drilled him expressionless in the worst public disorder the capital has known in years.
  2. ^ "'Take Chore in the Forest or Become Domicile' Is Alternative Given to Bonus Boys", Middlesboro (Kentucky) Daily News, May 17, 1933, p. 1; "Bonus Marchers Weaken; Take Jobs in Ax Corps", Milwaukee Journal, May 20, 1933, p. i
  3. ^ Graves, Will. "Pension Acts An Overview of Revolutionary War Pension and Compensation-Land Legislation and the Southern Campaigns Pension Transcription Projection". Southern Campaigns Revolutionary State of war Pension Statements & Rosters . Retrieved November 29, 2017.
  4. ^ "Pedagogy and Grooming". History and Timeline. November 21, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
  5. ^ a b David Greenberg, Calvin Coolidge (NY: Henry Holt, 2006), 78–79
  6. ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Utilize as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economic system of the U.s.: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Guild. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Coin? A Historical Price Index for Utilise as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economic system of the United states of america (PDF). American Antique Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Depository financial institution of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (gauge) 1800–". Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  7. ^ Dickson and Allen, 29
  8. ^ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2022). "What Was the U.Due south. Gdp And then?". MeasuringWorth . Retrieved Feb 12, 2022. United states Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth serial.
  9. ^ Dickson and Allen, 37–38
  10. ^ Dickson and Allen, 34
  11. ^ Stephen R. Ortiz, "The 'New Bargain' for Veterans: The Economy Act, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the Origins of the New Deal," Journal of Military History, vol. 70 (2006), 434–45
  12. ^ Donald L. McMurry, "Coxey'southward Regular army", 1930.[ page needed ]
  13. ^ "The Bonus Army". Eyewitnesstohistory.com . Retrieved Dec 8, 2021.
  14. ^ "The Last Time the U.South. Army Cleared Demonstrators From Pennsylvania Avenue". Politico.com . Retrieved December viii, 2021.
  15. ^ "HEROES: Battle of Washington". Content.fourth dimension.com. Baronial 8, 1932. Retrieved December 8, 2021.
  16. ^ Glass, Andrew (2009). "House passes bonus bill for WWI veterans, June 15, 1932". Politico . Retrieved December 20, 2013.
  17. ^ Staff Correspondent (June 18, 1932). "Senate Defeats Bonus Despite ten,000 Veterans Massed Around Capitol". The New York Times. No. 27, 174. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
  18. ^ "Veteran dies of wounds". The New York Times. Baronial 2, 1932. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
  19. ^ Hushka, William. "William Hushka". Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. View original photograph . Retrieved October 20, 2020.
  20. ^ Hushka, William. "William Hushka". Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. View original photograph . Retrieved Oct 20, 2020.
  21. ^ Mentioned in "The March of the Bonus Army" video, 30 min. Retrieved from answer.com 2011-two-four.
  22. ^ "Bonus Army Spectacle, U.S. Capital, 1932: What Really Happened. Section VI. Two Shootings at Glassford Camp". Suburban Emergency Management Project (SEMP), Biot Report #635. July eighteen, 2009. Archived from the original on July thirty, 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
  23. ^ "Bonus Expeditionary Strength Martyrs Hushka & Carlson (1932)". DC Labor Map. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011. Retrieved Feb eight, 2011.
  24. ^ "The Bonus Army". Encyclopedia.com.
  25. ^ Lisio, Donald J. "A Corrigendum Becomes Catastrophe: Hoover, the Legion, and the Bonus Army." The Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 51, no. one, 1967, p. xl JSTOR 4634286
  26. ^ a b Statement on the Justice Department Investigation of the Bonus Army (September ten, 1932). The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara
  27. ^ Hoover, Herbert (1952, 2011). The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: The Peachy Depression, 1929–1941. Read Books, ISBN 1447402472, pp. 225–226
  28. ^ Larry Gitlow (1948). The Whole of Their Lives: Communism in America – A Personal History and Intimate Portrayal of Its Leaders. Charles Scribner's Sons.[ ISBN missing ] [ folio needed ]
  29. ^ Thomas Craughwell (2009). Hoover's Set on on the Bonus Army: Top x Mistakes past U.Due south. Presidents. Accessed 2021-01-12
  30. ^ Smith, Jean Edward (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 110–113. ISBN9780679644293.
  31. ^ Dickson and Allen, 182–83
  32. ^ Dickson and Allen, 170–74, 180
  33. ^ Wukovits, John F. (2006). Eisenhower. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 43. ISBN0-230-61394-2 . Retrieved June xv, 2011.
  34. ^ D'Este, Carlo (2002). Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life. New York: Henry Holt & Co. p. 223. ISBN0-8050-5687-4 . Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  35. ^ Smith, Jean Edward (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace. New York: Random House. pp. 109–13. ISBN978-0-679-64429-3.
  36. ^ "FOR THE Tape : From "My Search for Douglas MacArthur" by Geoffrey Perret in the Feb/March issue of American Heritage". The Washington Post . Retrieved December 8, 2021.
  37. ^ "My Search For Douglas MacArthur". Americanheritage.com . Retrieved December eight, 2021.
  38. ^ Hirshson, Stanley P. General Patton. Harper Collins Publishers 2002. New York.[ page needed ]
  39. ^ Kingseed, Wyatt (June 2004). "The 'Bonus Army' War in Washington". American History mag . Retrieved January 31, 2018 – via Historynet.com.
  40. ^ Gabriel Over the White House at IMDb
  41. ^ a b c Blanche Wiesen Melt, Eleanor Roosevelt (NY: Viking, 1999), vol. 2, 44–46
  42. ^ "Governor Lays Plans for Trip". The New York Times. October 17, 1932. Retrieved Dec 18, 2010.
  43. ^ "New Bonus March Starts Tomorrow" (PDF). New York Times. May 9, 1933. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
  44. ^ Staff Contributor (May fifteen, 1933). "Bonus Army Row Finally Adjusted". New York Times. No. LXXXII 27, 505. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
  45. ^ Jenkins 2003, p. 63.
  46. ^ Salmond, John A. (1967). "The CCC Is Mobilized". The Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-1942. Knuckles Academy Printing.
  47. ^ Brands, H. Due west. (2009). Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. p. 391. ISBN9780307277947.
  48. ^ "Bonus Bill Becomes Law". The New York Times. January 28, 1936. Retrieved December xx, 2010.
  49. ^ "Business firm Swiftly Overrides Bonus Veto by Roosevelt". The New York Times. January 25, 1936. Retrieved September iii, 2011.
  50. ^ "Bonus Bill Becomes Police". The New York Times. January 28, 1936. Retrieved September iii, 2011.
  51. ^ Kingsolver, Barbara (2009). The Lacuna. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN978-0-571-25266-4.

Sources [edit]

  • Burner, David. (1979). Herbert Hoover: A Public Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-46134-vii.
  • Daniels, Roger. (1971). The Bonus March: An Episode of the Keen Depression. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 0837151740
  • Dickson, Paul, and Thomas B. Allen. (2004). The Bonus Army: An American Epic. New York: Walker and Company. ISBN 0-8027-1440-iv.
  • Dickson, Paul, and Thomas B. Allen. "Marching On History," in Smithsonian, February 2003
  • James, D. Clayton. (1970). The Years of MacArthur, Volume I, 1880–1941. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 36211265
  • Laurie, Clayton D. and Ronald H. Cole. (1997). The Role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders, 1877–1945. Washington, DC: Centre of Military History
  • Jenkins, Roy (2003). Franklin Delano Roosevelt. New York: Times Books. ISBN9780805069594.
  • Lisio, Donald J. (1974). The President and Protest: Hoover, Conspiracy, and the Bonus Riot. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 082620158X
  • Smith, Richard Norton. (1984). An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-46034-X.
  • Liebovich, Louis W. (1994). Bylines in Despair: Herbert Hoover, the Peachy Depression, and the U.S. News Media ISBN 0-275-94843-9
  • Bennett, Michael J. (1999). When Dreams Come up True: The GI Bill and the Making of Modern America ISBN 1-57488-218-X
  • Perret, Geoffrey (1996). "MacArthur and the Marchers" in MHQ: the Quarterly Periodical of Military History. Vol 8, No ii American Historical Publication, Inc

Farther reading [edit]

  • Morrow, Felix. (1932). The Bonus March. International Pamphlets No. 31. New York: International Publishers. OCLC 12546840
  • Ortiz, Stephen R. 2006. "Rethinking the Bonus March: Federal Bonus Policy, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the Origins of a Protest Move". Journal of Policy History. 18, no. 3: 275–303.
  • Rawl, Michael J. (2006). Anacostia Flats. Baltimore: Publish America. ISBN 978-1-413-79778-7.
  • Smith, Gene. (1970). The Shattered Dream: Herbert Hoover and the Keen Depression. New York: William Morrow and Company. OCLC 76078

External links [edit]

  • Sheilah Kast (February 13, 2005). "Soldier Against Soldier: The Story of the Bonus Army". NPR: Weekend Edition Lord's day.
  • The Bonus Regular army (EyeWitness to History)
  • Vets Owe Debt to WWI's "Bonus Army from military.com
  • FBI file on the Bonus Regular army
  • The Sad Tale of the Bonus Marchers
  • Memory: The Bonus Army March, Library of Congress
  • Paul Dickson & Thomas B. Allen on The Bonus Army: An American Ballsy, a lecture recorded at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library

Coordinates: 38°52′00″N 76°59′53″W  /  38.86667°N 76.99806°W  / 38.86667; -76.99806

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonus_Army#:~:text=The%20principal%20demand%20of%20the,were%20wounded%20and%20later%20died.

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